Lithium batteries have become popular as replacements for larger, heavier lead-acid batteries.
A lithium battery is lighter, smaller, and offers better engine starting performance than an equivalent lead-acid battery.
A 12V lead-acid engine starting battery has 6 cells in series with a nominal voltage of 2V each, which charge up to 2.4V each, with a total charging voltage of 14.4V. All 12V vehicle systems are designed to match lead-acid battery technology, which operates between 12V and 14.4V.
The lithium-ion battery technology that most closely matches this is Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4, often abbreviated as LFP). A 4-cell series LFP engine starting battery with 3.2V nominal cells that charge up to 3.6V each has a safe operating range of 12.8V to 14.4V.
LFP / LiFePO4 lithium batteries can normally accept a high charging current when the battery is at 12V or above, but below 12V it loses the ability to accept a high-current charge; the lower the battery voltage, the lower its ability to accept a normal charge, and below 8V it is critical.(S.O.H.). At low voltage, the LFP battery can only tolerate a low current until its voltage is above 12V again. The OptiMate lithium battery chargers' "safe" recovery program delivers a low current at low battery voltage and continuously monitors cell health while slowly restoring the LFP lithium battery to full health (above 12.8V) when it can once again accept a normal charge.
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